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+"""Smartcard system utility functions and classes.
+
+Manages smartcard readers and reader groups.
+
+__author__ = "gemalto https://www.gemalto.com/"
+
+Copyright 2001-2012 gemalto
+Author: Jean-Daniel Aussel, mailto:jean-daniel.aussel@gemalto.com
+
+This file is part of pyscard.
+
+pyscard is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+pyscard is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with pyscard; if not, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+"""
+
+import smartcard.pcsc.PCSCReaderGroups
+import smartcard.reader.ReaderFactory
+
+
+def readers(groups=None):
+    """Returns the list of smartcard readers in groups as
+    L{smartcard.reader.Reader}.
+
+    If groups is not specified, returns the list of all smartcard readers.
+
+    >>> import smartcard
+    >>> r=smartcard.readers()
+    >>> r=smartcard.readers(['SCard$DefaultReaders', 'MyReaderGroup'])
+    """
+
+    if groups is None:
+        groups = []
+    return smartcard.reader.ReaderFactory.ReaderFactory.readers(groups)
+
+
+def readergroups():
+    """Returns the list of reader groups."""
+
+    return smartcard.pcsc.PCSCReaderGroups.PCSCReaderGroups().instance
+
+
+# for legacy only
+def listReaders():
+    """Returns the list of smartcard readers.
+
+    Deprecated - Use L{smartcard.System.readers()} instead.
+    """
+    zreaders = []
+    for reader in readers():
+        zreaders.append(str(reader))
+    return zreaders
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(readers())
+    print(readers(["SCard$DefaultReaders"]))
+    print(readergroups())